Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with post-COVID-19 affectation
Abstract
Introduction. Post-COVID-19 syndrome is an emerging health problem with implications for the quality of life of those who suffer from it. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between self-reported acute and post-acute symptoms associated with post-COVID-19 illness according to gender, age range, vaccination status, and COVID-19 diagnosis in order to define a risk profile. Methodology. A prospective and inferential study was conducted with a sample of 1,601 Colombians. An ad hoc dichotomous questionnaire of self-reported neuropsychiatric symptoms was designed, and heat maps and probabilistic perspectives were used. Results. Differentiated risk profiles were found: cognitive and emotional manifestations in older adults, physical symptoms in adults, and sensory alterations in young people. Vaccination appears to have a protective effect on some symptoms, contrary to having had severe COVID-19. Discussion. A relationship exists between acute and post-acute symptoms in tiredness/fatigue, headache, anxiety, and depression, which confirms the prolongation of symptoms. This pattern supports the hypothesis that post-COVID-19 syndrome represents a functional prolongation of acute symptoms, consistent with the definition proposed by the WHO. Conclusions. These findings contribute to documenting post-COVID-19 syndrome. The need for longitudinal research incorporating clinical, neuropsychological, and vaccination variables, as well as potential COVID-19 subtypes, is highlighted in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the persistence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and to guide mental health programs for the most vulnerable groups.
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